Thank you! After playing around a lot I did get something similar to that (though not as concise).
I'm actually trying to get the amount of light that is falling on the surface, not necessarily the brightness based on the texture. (that's what I meant by brightness, I can see I was very unclear).
Initially I was thinking I could base it off the angle between the direct lighting and the surface normal. So if the sun was right behind me, and the landscape it was hitting had a surface normal pointing right back at me I would consider that brightly lit. If the surface normal was pointed 45 degrees away from me, that would be halfway lit, etc. I thought that might be a rough estimation. Besides not knowing the math for how to do that, it doesn't take into account shadows though.