Procedurally, it woldn't be hard to make examples '1' and '4' in TG.
'2' and '3', on the other hand, hmmm, I'm not so sure.
I'm pretty sure that these are simply image mapped TG spheres. If you'd care to tell me otherwise, Marc, I'll make you my new god!
I do remember Volker Harun making some really beautiful Perlin noise renders with extremely complexed patterns, similar to example 3.