OK, the good news is: I know how to increase the radius of the trail.
The bad news is: since I seem to be too dumb to understand this blue node stuff, I have no idea how to use this in my asteroid scene.
Well, I know how to use it as a density shader of a cloud layer, but in the clip file the trail is always parallel to the surface, right? What I need is a trail that's perpendicular, so that it's pointing away from the asteroid. (I hope I used the words parallel and perpendicular correctly, but I think you know what I mean, don't you?)