If you construct a shader network where two branches of the network reference the same fractal while shading the same point in space, this might be slower if you use a duplicate node instead, because the fractal caches some of its evaluations for reuse by nearby points. This doesn't happen in your population tinting example, but it might be able to share data from the largest features in the fractal. I doubt it would make much difference but you could try it.
For most nodes I don't think you'll benefit from reusing the same shader. But I don't know for sure, so some real world testing might show some surprising results.