For a dome like this it would be fairly simple. Just use a simple shape (circular) at its location and raise the planet there. The snow will grow higher than the dome. Needs some fiddling, but should work.
For thin snow, you can add a surface shader with a slope restriction into the object part. Bump can be applied, displacement not, unless you use noRT for objects, which could well work in this scene.
Or model some snow for your dome.